RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar os fatores associados ao êxito do tratamento da tuberculose multirresistente (TBMR) relacionados ao paciente e à equipe de saúde nos seis municípios da Colômbia com o maior número de casos. Métodos. Mediante regressão logística bifatorial e multifatorial, analisou-se a associação entre o êxito do tratamento (cura ou completude do tratamento) e as características dos pacientes e dos médicos, profissionais de enfermagem e psicólogos envolvidos neste. Explorou-se a importância do conhecimento no manejo de casos de TBMR mediante grupos focais com os mesmos profissionais. Resultados. Dos 128 casos de TBMR, 63 (49.2%) lograram êxito no tratamento. Somente 52.9% dos médicos e profissionais de enfermagem tinham conhecimentos satisfatórios sobre TBMR. A regressão logística demonstrou que soronegatividade para o HIV, cobertura pelo sistema de saúde sob o regime de contribuinte, atendimento por um médico do sexo masculino e atendimento por profissionais de enfermagem com conhecimento suficiente foram fatores associados ao êxito do tratamento (p ≤ 0,05). A análise qualitativa demonstrou necessidade de aprofundar e sistematizar a capacitação do pessoal de saúde que atende casos de TBMR. Conclusões. Algumas características do paciente e da equipe de saúde influenciam no êxito do tratamento de casos de TBMR. É preciso fortalecer os conhecimentos dos médicos e profissionais de enfermagem sobre a TBMR e reforçar o seguimento dos pacientes com TBMR que vivem com HIV e os filiados ao sistema de saúde colombiano pelo regime subsidiado, os quais têm menor probabilidade de êxito do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify patient- and provider-related factors associated with the success of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment in the six municipalities of Colombia with the highest number of MDR-TB cases. Methods. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze the association between treatment success (cure or treatment completion) and characteristics of the patients and physicians, nursing professionals, and psychologists involved in their treatment. The importance of knowledge in the management of MDR-TB cases was explored through focus groups with these providers. Results. Of 128 cases of TB-MDR, 63 (49.2%) experienced treatment success. Only 52.9% of the physicians and nursing professionals had satisfactory knowledge about MDR-TB. Logistic regression showed that being HIV negative, being affiliated with the contributory health insurance scheme, being cared for by a male physician, and being cared for by nursing professionals with sufficient knowledge were associated with a successful treatment outcome (p ≤ 0.05). Qualitative analysis showed the need for in-depth, systematic training of health personnel who care for patients with MDR-TB. Conclusions. Some characteristics of patients and healthcare providers influence treatment success in MDR-TB cases. Physicians’ and nurses’ knowledge about MDR-TB must be improved, and follow-up of MDR-TB patients who are living with HIV and of those affiliated with the subsidized health insurance scheme in Colombia must be strengthened, as these patients have a lower likelihood of a successful treatment outcome.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar los factores asociados con el éxito del tratamiento de tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (TB-MDR) relacionados con los pacientes y el personal sanitario en seis municipios de Colombia con mayor número de casos. Métodos. Mediante regresiones logísticas bifactorial y multifactorial se analizó la asociación entre el tratamiento exitoso (curación o cumplimiento del tratamiento) y las características de los pacientes, y de los médicos, profesionales de enfermería y psicólogos vinculados al tratamiento. Se exploró la importancia del conocimiento en el manejo de los casos de TB-MDR mediante grupos focales con esos profesionales. Resultados. De los 128 casos con TB-MDR, 63 (49,2%) tuvieron un tratamiento exitoso. Solo 52,9% de los médicos y profesionales de enfermería tenía conocimientos satisfactorios sobre TB-MDR. La regresión logística mostró que ser negativo al VIH, estar afiliado al régimen de aseguramiento de salud contributivo, estar atendido por un médico del sexo masculino y por profesionales de enfermería con conocimientos suficientes se asociaron con un desenlace exitoso del tratamiento (p ≤ 0,05). El análisis cualitativo mostró la necesidad de profundizar y sistematizar la capacitación del personal sanitario que atiende los casos de TB-MDR. Conclusiones. En el éxito del tratamiento de los casos de TB-MDR influyen algunas características de los pacientes y el personal sanitario. Se requiere fortalecer los conocimientos sobre TB-MDR de médicos y enfermeros, y reforzar el seguimiento de los pacientes con TB-MDR positivos al VIH y de los que pertenecen al régimen subsidiado, dada su menor probabilidad de éxito al tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify patient- and provider-related factors associated with the success of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment in the six municipalities of Colombia with the highest number of MDR-TB cases. Methods. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze the association between treatment success (cure or treatment completion) and characteristics of the patients and physicians, nursing professionals, and psychologists involved in their treatment. The importance of knowledge in the management of MDR-TB cases was explored through focus groups with these providers. Results. Of 128 cases of TB-MDR, 63 (49.2%) experienced treatment success. Only 52.9% of the physicians and nursing professionals had satisfactory knowledge about MDR-TB. Logistic regression showed that being HIV negative, being affiliated with the contributory health insurance scheme, being cared for by a male physician, and being cared for by nursing professionals with sufficient knowledge were associated with a successful treatment outcome (p ≤ 0.05). Qualitative analysis showed the need for in-depth, systematic training of health personnel who care for patients with MDR-TB. Conclusions. Some characteristics of patients and healthcare providers influence treatment success in MDR-TB cases. Physicians’ and nurses’ knowledge about MDR-TB must be improved, and follow-up of MDR-TB patients who are living with HIV and of those affiliated with the subsidized health insurance scheme in Colombia must be strengthened, as these patients have a lower likelihood of a successful treatment outcome.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar los factores asociados con el éxito del tratamiento de tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (TB-MDR) relacionados con los pacientes y el personal sanitario en seis municipios de Colombia con mayor número de casos. Métodos. Mediante regresiones logísticas bifactorial y multifactorial se analizó la asociación entre el tratamiento exitoso (curación o cumplimiento del tratamiento) y las características de los pacientes, y de los médicos, profesionales de enfermería y psicólogos vinculados al tratamiento. Se exploró la importancia del conocimiento en el manejo de los casos de TB-MDR mediante grupos focales con esos profesionales. Resultados. De los 128 casos con TB-MDR, 63 (49,2%) tuvieron un tratamiento exitoso. Solo 52,9% de los médicos y profesionales de enfermería tenía conocimientos satisfactorios sobre TB-MDR. La regresión logística mostró que ser negativo al VIH, estar afiliado al régimen de aseguramiento de salud contributivo, estar atendido por un médico del sexo masculino y por profesionales de enfermería con conocimientos suficientes se asociaron con un desenlace exitoso del tratamiento (p ≤ 0,05). El análisis cualitativo mostró la necesidad de profundizar y sistematizar la capacitación del personal sanitario que atiende los casos de TB-MDR. Conclusiones. En el éxito del tratamiento de los casos de TB-MDR influyen algunas características de los pacientes y el personal sanitario. Se requiere fortalecer los conocimientos sobre TB-MDR de médicos y enfermeros, y reforzar el seguimiento de los pacientes con TB-MDR positivos al VIH y de los que pertenecen al régimen subsidiado, dada su menor probabilidad de éxito al tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar os fatores associados ao êxito do tratamento da tuberculose multirresistente (TBMR) relacionados ao paciente e à equipe de saúde nos seis municípios da Colômbia com o maior número de casos. Métodos. Mediante regressão logística bifatorial e multifatorial, analisou-se a associação entre o êxito do tratamento (cura ou completude do tratamento) e as características dos pacientes e dos médicos, profissionais de enfermagem e psicólogos envolvidos neste. Explorou-se a importância do conhecimento no manejo de casos de TBMR mediante grupos focais com os mesmos profissionais. Resultados. Dos 128 casos de TBMR, 63 (49.2%) lograram êxito no tratamento. Somente 52.9% dos médicos e profissionais de enfermagem tinham conhecimentos satisfatórios sobre TBMR. A regressão logística demonstrou que soronegatividade para o HIV, cobertura pelo sistema de saúde sob o regime de contribuinte, atendimento por um médico do sexo masculino e atendimento por profissionais de enfermagem com conhecimento suficiente foram fatores associados ao êxito do tratamento (p ≤ 0,05). A análise qualitativa demonstrou necessidade de aprofundar e sistematizar a capacitação do pessoal de saúde que atende casos de TBMR. Conclusões. Algumas características do paciente e da equipe de saúde influenciam no êxito do tratamento de casos de TBMR. É preciso fortalecer os conhecimentos dos médicos e profissionais de enfermagem sobre a TBMR e reforçar o seguimento dos pacientes com TBMR que vivem com HIV e os filiados ao sistema de saúde colombiano pelo regime subsidiado, os quais têm menor probabilidade de êxito do tratamento.

Abstract Objective: To verify the relationship between the types of feeding and presence of harmful oral habits (HOH) in children with cleft lip (CL), palate (CP) and cleft lip and palate (CLP), as well as to compare the different types of cleft to each other. Material and Methods: A form was applied to the parents of 162 children (3-5 years old), addressing the following variables: gender, cleft type, age, socioeconomic conditions, type of breastfeeding, presence of HOH, and the parents' knowledge about the consequences of oral habits. The data obtained were analyzed by chi-square test (p<0.05). Results: The majority of children (83.3%) were bottle-fed and 12.3% were exclusively maternal breastfed. The main reason for weaning was the presence of cleft (59.9%). Breastfeeding was significantly higher in children with CL (75%) in comparison with CP (20%) and CLP (5%) (p<0.001). Children with CLP were 12 times more likely to be bottle-fed than children with CL (OR=12.21; CI=4.09-36.45). The prevalence of HOH was 37%. Sociodemographic characteristics were not associated with the presence of HOH (p>0.05). The type of feeding and cleft were not decisive to present some type of HOH (p>0.05) and 87% of parents stated that HOH could lead to serious complications of tooth misalignment. Conclusion: The type of feeding and fissure did not determine the acquisition of harmful oral habits in children with cleft. However, the greater the fissure's complexity, the lesser the chance of children receiving exclusive breastfeeding.

Abstract Objectives This study analyzed the capacity of Candida spp. from dental biofilm of HIV infected (HIV+) children to demineralize primary molar enamel in vitro by Transversal Microhardness (TMH), Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM) and the quantity of calcium ions (Ca2+) released from the enamel. Material and Methods Candida spp. samples were isolated from the supragingival biofilm of HIV+ children. A hundred and forty (140) enamel blocks were randomly assigned to six groups: biofilm formed by C. albicans (Group 1); mixed biofilm formed by C. albicans and C. tropicalis (Group 2); mixed biofilm formed by C. albicans and C. parapsilosis (Group 3); mixed biofilm formed by C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata (Group 4); biofilm formed by C. albicans ATCC (Group 5) and medium without Candida (Group 6). Enamel blocks from each group were removed on days 3, 5, 8 and 15 after biofilm formation to evaluate the TMH and images of enamel were analyzed by PLM. The quantity of Ca2+ released, from Groups 1 and 6, was determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The SPSS program was used for statistical analysis and the significance level was 5%. Results TMH showed a gradual reduction in enamel hardness (p<0.05) from the 1st to 15th day, but mainly five days after biofilm formation in all groups. The PLM showed superficial lesions indicating an increase in porosity. C. albicans caused the release of Ca2+ into suspension during biofilm formation. Conclusion Candida species from dental biofilm of HIV+ children can cause demineralization of primary enamel in vitro.

RESUMEN Objetivo Realizar la vigilancia epidemiológica clásica y molecular de la tuberculosis (TB) humana causada por Mycobacterium bovis en manipuladores de la cadena de producción bovina en fincas con bovinos PPD positivos de los Departamentos de Antioquia, Boyacá y Cundinamarca en un periodo de un año. Métodos Se visitaron las fincas ganaderas, con bovinos o bufalinos PPD positivos de los departamentos de estudio según información del Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis bovina del ICA. Se recolectó la información socio-demográfica y a los factores de riesgo para adquirir TB asociados a la ocupación a través de una encuesta aplicada a todos los trabajadores de las fincas visitadas. Se recolectaron muestras de esputo luego de haber obtenido un consentimiento informado. Los esputos fueron sometidos a pruebas microbiológicas y moleculares para la identificación de los miembros del complejo M. tuberculosis. Resultados Se visitaron 33 fincas ganaderas y se recolectó información para 164 trabajadores de la cadena de producción bovina. Se identificaron como posibles factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de TB la permanencia en la finca PPD positiva por más de un año, desconocimiento de la enfermedad y presencia de posibles reservorios como perros y gatos. No se encontraron casos de TB por M. bovis ni por M. tuberculosis en los trabajadores de las fincas visitadas. Conclusión No se documentaron casos de la enfermedad por este agente zoonótico en los departamentos de Antioquia, Boyacá y Cundinamarca.

ABSTRACT Objective To perform classic and molecular epidemiological surveillance of human tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in bovine supply chains at farms with PPD positive bovines in the departments of Antioquia, Boyacá and Cundinamarca during a one-year period. Methods Livestock farms with PPD positive bovines or buffalos were visited in the study departments according to information obtained in the "Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis bovina" (National program on bovine Tuberculosis) released by ICA (Colombian Agriculture and Livestock Institute). Data on socio-demographic information and tuberculosis risk factors associated to the occupation were collected through a survey applied to all workers at the visited farms. Sputum samples were obtained after informed consent. The sputa underwent microbiological and molecular testing to identify members of the M. tuberculosis complex. Results Thirty-three livestock farms were visited and information of 164 workers from the bovine supply chain was collected. Staying in a PPD positive farm for more than a year, ignorance about the disease and the presence of possible vectors, like dogs and cats, were identified as possible risk factors for developing tuberculosis. No cases of tuberculosis caused by M. bovis or M. tuberculosis in workers of the visited farms were found. Conclusion No cases of the disease caused by this zoonotic agent were documented in the departments of Antioquia, Boyacá and Cundinamarca.

ABSTRACT Objective To perform classic and molecular epidemiological surveillance of human tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis in bovine supply chains at farms with PPD positive bovines in the departments of Antioquia, Boyacá and Cundinamarca during a one-year period. Methods Livestock farms with PPD positive bovines or buffalos were visited in the study departments according to information obtained in the "Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis bovina" (National program on bovine Tuberculosis) released by ICA (Colombian Agriculture and Livestock Institute). Data on socio-demographic information and tuberculosis risk factors associated to the occupation were collected through a survey applied to all workers at the visited farms. Sputum samples were obtained after informed consent. The sputa underwent microbiological and molecular testing to identify members of the M. tuberculosis complex. Results Thirty-three livestock farms were visited and information of 164 workers from the bovine supply chain was collected. Staying in a PPD positive farm for more than a year, ignorance about the disease and the presence of possible vectors, like dogs and cats, were identified as possible risk factors for developing tuberculosis. No cases of tuberculosis caused by M. bovis or M. tuberculosis in workers of the visited farms were found. Conclusion No cases of the disease caused by this zoonotic agent were documented in the departments of Antioquia, Boyacá and Cundinamarca.

RESUMEN Objetivo Realizar la vigilancia epidemiológica clásica y molecular de la tuberculosis (TB) humana causada por Mycobacterium bovis en manipuladores de la cadena de producción bovina en fincas con bovinos PPD positivos de los Departamentos de Antioquia, Boyacá y Cundinamarca en un periodo de un año. Métodos Se visitaron las fincas ganaderas, con bovinos o bufalinos PPD positivos de los departamentos de estudio según información del Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis bovina del ICA. Se recolectó la información socio-demográfica y a los factores de riesgo para adquirir TB asociados a la ocupación a través de una encuesta aplicada a todos los trabajadores de las fincas visitadas. Se recolectaron muestras de esputo luego de haber obtenido un consentimiento informado. Los esputos fueron sometidos a pruebas microbiológicas y moleculares para la identificación de los miembros del complejo M. tuberculosis. Resultados Se visitaron 33 fincas ganaderas y se recolectó información para 164 trabajadores de la cadena de producción bovina. Se identificaron como posibles factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de TB la permanencia en la finca PPD positiva por más de un año, desconocimiento de la enfermedad y presencia de posibles reservorios como perros y gatos. No se encontraron casos de TB por M. bovis ni por M. tuberculosis en los trabajadores de las fincas visitadas. Conclusión No se documentaron casos de la enfermedad por este agente zoonótico en los departamentos de Antioquia, Boyacá y Cundinamarca.

Developing a fast, inexpensive, and specific test that reflects the mutations present in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates according to geographic region is the main challenge for drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) control. The objective of this study was to develop a molecular platform to make a rapid diagnosis of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant TB based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations present in therpoB, katG, inhA,ahpC, and gyrA genes from Colombian M. tuberculosis isolates. The amplification and sequencing of each target gene was performed. Capture oligonucleotides, which were tested before being used with isolates to assess the performance, were designed for wild type and mutated codons, and the platform was standardised based on the reverse hybridisation principle. This method was tested on DNA samples extracted from clinical isolates from 160 Colombian patients who were previously phenotypically and genotypically characterised as having susceptible or MDR M. tuberculosis. For our method, the kappa index of the sequencing results was 0,966, 0,825, 0,766, 0,740, and 0,625 forrpoB, katG, inhA,ahpC, and gyrA, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were ranked between 90-100% compared with those of phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. Our assay helps to pave the way for implementation locally and for specifically adapted methods that can simultaneously detect drug resistance mutations to first and second-line drugs within a few hours.

La importancia del comportamiento de las ecuaciones de Saint-Venant y sus implicaciones en el análisis del flujo aplicado a modelos de tránsito hidráulico es el tema principal de esta investigación. Partiendo de las aplicaciones y usos de dichos modelos matemáticos, se determina y se evalúa el comportamiento de estas ecuaciones en 1D y sus aproximaciones para diferentes condiciones posibles de una situación real mediante la experimentación numérica computacional para un tramo de un cauce con una sección hidráulica prismática, en casos en los cuales la pendiente del canal presenta tres tipos de condiciones: supercrítica, subcrítica y pendiente horizontal, para un caudal de referencia. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es encontrar una demostración de la aplicabilidad de las ecuaciones de Saint-Venant para diferentes condiciones de acercamiento a esta problemática desde el punto de vista de la solución de las ecuaciones de Saint-Venant en una dimensión. Se propone un esquema de solución simple que produzca soluciones útiles a las necesidades de la ingeniería, y se encuentra que dentro del análisis de redes de alcantarillado hay muchos factores que pueden afectar la solución de las ecuaciones de Saint-Venant.

The importance of the behavior of the Saint Venant equations and its implications for flow analysis applied to models of hydraulic transit is the main theme of this research, where the basis of the applications and uses of these mathematical models is determined and the performance is evaluated these equations in 1D and its possible approaches for different conditions of a real situation using computational numerical experimentation for a section of a prismatic channel with a hydraulic section, in cases where the channel slope presents three types of conditions: supercritical, subcritical and horizontal slope for a design rate. The main objective of this research is to find a demonstration of the applicability of the Saint Venant equations for different conditions of approaching this problem from the point of view of the solution of the Saint Venant equations in one dimension. Scheme simple solution that produces useful solutions to the needs of engineering, finding that within the sewer network analysis there are many factors that can affect the solution of the Saint Venant equations.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram detectar a presença de herpesvírus humanos (HHVs) na saliva de crianças infectadas pelo HIV, em comparação com controles saudáveis e avaliar a associação entre infecção viral, gengivite e imunodeficiência. Para este fim, foram colhidas amostras de saliva de 48 crianças HIV-positivas e 48 controles saudáveis. O índice gengival e extensão de gengivite foram determinados por um dentista treinado. Informações clínicas e laboratoriais foram obtidas durante a consulta odontológica e dos registros médicos. As amostras de saliva foram testadas para detecção de vírus herpes simplex tipos 1 e 2 (HSV-1 e HSV-2), vírus da varicela-zoster (VVZ), vírus Epistein-Barr (EBV) e citomegalovírus (CMV) através de nested-PCR. Trinta e cinco crianças HIV-positivas e 16 crianças do grupo controle apresentavam gengivite. Dezessete (35,4%) crianças HIV-positivas e 13 (27%) crianças controle testaram positivo para a presença de HHVs. CMV foi o vírus mais comum detectado em ambos os grupos (25% HIV-positivas e 12,5% de controle), seguido por HSV-1 (6,2% de ambos os grupos) e HSV-2 (4,2% HIV-positivas e 8,3% de controle). Não houve associação entre a detecção de HHVs na saliva e a presença de gengivite em ciranças HIV-positivas (p = 0.104) ou crianças saudáveis (p = 0,251), ou com imunossupressão em indivíduos HIV-positivos (p = 0,447). Foi observada uma correlação entre a infecção por HIV e a presença de gengivite (p = 0,0001). Os resultados sugerem que a detecção salivar assintomática de HHVs é comum entre crianças HIV-positivas e crianças saudáveis, e não está associada à gengivite.

The aims of this study were to compare the detection of human herpesviruses (HHVs) in the saliva of HIV-infected and healthy control children, and to evaluate associations between viral infection and gingivitis and immunodeficiency. Saliva samples were collected from 48 HIV-infected and 48 healthy control children. Clinical and laboratory data were collected during dental visits and from medical records. A trained dentist determined gingival indices and extension of gingivitis. Saliva samples were tested for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) by nested polymerase chain reaction assays. Thirty-five HIV-infected and 16 control children had gingivitis. Seventeen (35.4%) HIV-infected children and 13 (27%) control children were positive for HHVs. CMV was the most commonly detected HHV in both groups (HIV-infected, 25%; control, 12.5%), followed by HSV-1 (6.2% in both groups) and HSV-2 (HIV-infected, 4.2%; control, 8.3%). The presence of HHVs in saliva was not associated with the presence of gingivitis in HIV-1-infected children (p = 0.104) or healthy control children (p = 0.251), or with immunosuppression in HIV-infected individuals (p = 0.447). Gingivitis was correlated with HIV infection (p = 0.0001). These results suggest that asymptomatic salivary detection of HHVs is common in HIV-infected and healthy children, and that it is not associated with gingivitis.

The dentistry practice with dental amalgam may imply risks regarding to mercury contaminants, which demands, among others, elements for the monitoring and evaluation of dental institutions. The objective of this study was to propose a multi-criteria evaluation model of the level of preventing mercury contamination in dental institutions of the Department of Antioquia (Colombia). This was built on multi-criteria analysis using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), composed with elements such as paired comparisons and mathematical modelling. To do this, we delimited the following study factors: environmental, waste management and spills, locative conditions, handling of amalgam and use of safety equipment. In the end, a model is obtained, automated in Visual Basic for Application, which allows for the exploration of the prevention level of mercury contamination in such entities, based on used practices and makes identification of opportunities for improvement in the service offering feasible. Regarding the application, it is able to explore the entities distribution in five established prevention levels, as well as to calculate other proposed indicators, both overall and by criteria and locations. Regarding the prevention of mercury contamination, approximately the half of the eligible entities is not sufficiently developed in the areas of: environmental, handling of amalgam and location conditions. In contrast, mercury spill prevention and use of safety equipment appears favorable in most institutions (85-92 %).

El ejercicio odontológico con amalgama dental puede presentar riesgos atribuibles a la contaminación por mercurio, lo cual requiere, entre otros, elementos para el monitoreo y la evaluación de la operatoria de las entidades odontológicas respecto del tema. El objetivo fue proponer un modelo de evaluación multicriterio del nivel de prevención de contaminación por mercurio en entidades odontológicas del departamento de Antioquia (Colombia). Este fue construido bajo análisis multicriterio, usando Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), integrado con elementos como comparaciones pareadas y modelación matemática. Para ello, se delimitaron como factores de estudio: condiciones ambientales, manejo de residuos y derrames, condiciones locativas, manejo de la amalgama y uso de implementos de seguridad. Al final se obtiene un modelo automatizado en Visual Basic for Application, que permite explorar el nivel de prevención de la contaminación por mercurio en dichas entidades, basado en las prácticas que estas utilizan y hace viable identificar oportunidades de mejora en la prestación del servicio. Respecto del caso de aplicación, se pudo explorar la distribución de las entidades en cinco niveles de prevención establecidos así como calcular otros indicadores propuestos, tanto de manera global como por criterios y zonas del departamento. Específicamente, cerca de la mitad de las entidades no reúne las condiciones de madurez respecto de la prevención de contaminación por mercurio tanto en condiciones ambientales como en manejo de amalgama y condiciones locativas. En contraste, la prevención de derrames de mercurio y el uso de implementos de seguridad se muestran favorables en la mayoría de las entidades (85-92%).

El uso de técnicas bayesianas para la identificación de tramos de carretera propensos a accidentes ha llegado a ser muy importante en los últimos años. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en identificar los tramos de carretera propensos a accidentes en el municipio de Ocaña (Colombia), utilizando el método bayesiano (BM); el enfoque de modelación desarrollado consistió en la conformación de una base de datos de accidentes ocurridos entre los años 2007 (enero) y 2013 (agosto) y la aplicación de la metodología en 15 tramos de carreteras urbanas. Los análisis finales muestran que el BM es una herramienta poderosa y rápida de fácil implementación, que proporciona resultados en los que se identificaron 4 tramos de carretera propensos a los accidentes o peligrosos y los clasificó por orden de peligro, el establecimiento de un ranking de peligro proporciona un orden de prioridades para las inversiones y la aplicación de políticas preventivas y / o correctivas que maximicen los beneficios asociados con la seguridad vial.

The use of Bayesian techniques for the identification of accident-prone road sections has become very important in recent years. The objective of this investigation consisted of identifying accident-prone road sections in the Municipality of Ocaña (Colombia) using the Bayesian Method (BM); the modeling approach developed involved the creation of a database of accidents that occurred between the years 2007 (January) and 2013 (August) and the application of the methodology on 15 sections of urban road. The final analyses show that the BM is an original and fast tool that is easily implemented, it provides results in which 4 accident-prone or dangerous road sections were identified and ranked them in order of danger, establishing a danger ranking that provides a prioritization for investments and the implementation of preventive and/or corrective policies that will maximize benefits associated with road safety.

INTRODUCTION: Some viruses of the Herpesviridae family are frequently the etiologic agents of oral lesions associated with HIV. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), Varicella Zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus type 6, type 7 and type 8 (HHV-6, HHV-7 and HHV-8) in the oral cavity of HIV-infected children/adolescents and verify the association between viral subtypes and clinical factors. METHODS: The cells of oral mucosa were collected from 50 HIV infected children/adolescents, 3-13 years old (mean age 8.66). The majority (66%) of selected were girls, and they were all outpatients at the pediatric AIDS clinic of a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Nested-PCR was used to identify the viral types. RESULTS: Absence of immunosuppression was observed in 66% of the children. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was used by 72.1% of selected and moderate viral load was observed in 56% of the children/adolescents. Viral types were found in 86% of the children and the subtypes were: HSV-1 (4%), HSV-2 (2%), VZV (4%), EBV (0%), HCMV (24%), HHV6 (18%), HHV-7 (68%), HHV8 (0%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of HAART has helped to reduce oral lesions, especially with herpes virus infections. The health professionals who work with these patients should be aware of such lesions because of their predictive value and the herpes virus can be found circulating in the oral cavity without causing lesions.

ABSTRACT The use of hot spring waters from deep geologic layers in spas has been identified as typical scenarios of exposure to natural radiation. These scenarios can affect the patients under treatment, as well as the workers of these facilities. Therefore, characterization studies are being undertaken in these spas in order to evaluate the radiological impact they produce on these categories of population. The Elguea Spa, located on the northern coast of Villa Clara, Cuba, is equipped to provide services by using hot spring waters and mud existing in the zone of the spa. Its waters contain significant levels of radon. Present paper shows the dose estimates made from the radiological characterization of the spa and its surroundings, both for workers and the patients receiving treatment. The dose values are in the range of 1,01 to 180 μSv/year for workers, the most irradiated group, and these results suggest that there is no need for special protection measures or regulations.

RESUMEN Los balnearios de aguas termales procedentes de capas geológicas profundas se han identificado como escenarios típicos de exposición a radiaciones de origen natural, tanto para los pacientes que se someten a los tratamientos como para los trabajadores de estas instalaciones, debido a la permanencia en lugares con niveles incrementados de radiación. Por ello se realizan en estos balnearios estudios de caracterización dirigidos a evaluar el impacto radiológico que producen sobre estas categorías poblacionales. El balneario de Elguea, ubicado en la costa norte de Villa Clara, está equipado para brindar servicios que emplean las aguas termales y los lodos en la zona del balneario. Las aguas de este balneario contienen niveles significativos de radón. En este trabajo se presentan las estimaciones de dosis realizadas a partir de la caracterización radiológica del balneario y su entorno, tanto para los trabajadores como para los pacientes que reciben tratamientos. Los valores de dosis estimados se encontraron en el intervalo de 1,01 a 180 μSv/año para los trabajadores, que resultó ser el grupo más irradiado, y no indicaron la necesidad de adoptar medidas o regulaciones especiales de protección.

Introducción. El Valle del Cauca es uno de los departamentos que mayor número de muertes por paludismo reporta en Colombia. El análisis de estas muertes permite una aproximación diagnóstica al funcionamiento del sistema de salud y contribuye a generar propuestas tendientes a disminuir la mortalidad por esta enfermedad. Objetivo. Caracterizar demográficamente y explorar posibles factores determinantes de muertes por malaria ocurridas en el Valle del Cauca. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un análisis descriptivo de 25 de las 29 muertes por malaria identificadas en el Valle del Cauca entre 2005 y 2006. Resultados. El promedio de edad fue de 31,3 años (rango: 2 a 71), 11 fueron mujeres (una embarazada), 11 procedían de Buenaventura y 5 de los otros departamentos de la Costa Pacífica. Al ingreso a la primera consulta, no se ordenó gota gruesa o se solicitó tardíamente en 7 casos. En quienes se realizó gota gruesa en la primera consulta, 11 fueron reportados positivos y 5 negativos. La complicación más frecuentemente diagnosticada al ingreso al sitio de remisión fue paludismo cerebral (7/18), seguida de falla renal aguda (6/18). Después del ingreso, 13/18 individuos presentaron alguna otra complicación, principalmente edema agudo de pulmón (8/18) y choque (5/18). Conclusiones. Se identificaron fallas operativas en el cuidado primario de los pacientes con malaria. Esta información ha permitido implementar acciones de mejoramiento de la atención de las personas con malaria en el Valle del Cauca. Se espera que otros departamentos se unan a los esfuerzos para reducir la mortalidad por malaria en el país.

Introduction. Valle del Cauca is one of the states in Colombia that reports a high number of deaths due to malaria. Understanding the basis of malarial deaths is useful for assessing the efficacy of the health system and to identify areas where improvements are necessary to decrease malaria mortality. Objective. Potential determinants of mortality in malaria cases are characterized in a demographic study centered in Valle del Cauca. Materials and methods. A descriptive analysis was directed to 25 cases of malaria death occurring in Valle del Cauca during 2005 and 2006. Results. The mean age was 31.3 years (range, 2 to 71 yr), 11 were women (1 pregnant), 11 were from the malaria-endemic port of Buenaventura, and 5 from other Pacific coastal states. After entering the health system facility, the standard malaria diagnostic, the thick smear, was not ordered for 7 cases at any time during the treatment period. In cases where a thick smear was taken at first contact, 11 had a positive and 5 had a negative initial report. Cerebral malaria (7/18 cases) and renal failure (6/18 cases) were the most frequent complications. During hospitalization, 13/18 cases developed other complications, mainly acute lung edema (8/18 cases) and shock (5/18 cases). Conclusions. Failures in primary health care of patients with malaria were recognized. This information has been used to implement actions aimed at improving initial care of malaria subjects in the health services of Valle del Cauca. The study recommends that other states in Colombia increase their efforts to decrease malaria mortality.

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar el perfil odontológico de los pacientes atendidos en la Clínica de Bebés de una institución de enseñanza superior de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, y la influencia del consumo de azúcar, uso frecuente de medicamentos e higiene oral en la prevalencia de caries de aparición temprana en bebés de 0 a 36 meses de edad. Se utilizó la documentación indirecta a través de investigación en las historias clínicas de los pacientes. Fueron seleccionadas 525 historias clínicas válidas y los datos obtenidos fueron tabulados y analizados en el  programa Epi Info 6.04. La media de edad fue de 21,4 ± 8,3  meses, 53% género masculino. Un 35% de los pacientes poseían bajo consumo de azúcar, un 81 % acostumbraba a endulzar alimentos, especialmente con sacarosa (94%). El uso frecuente de medicamentos  relatado en 29%, especialmente vitaminas (74%) y un total de 84% higienizaban sus dientes. Presencia de caries en 38% de los casos con un ceo-d medio de 3,21. Se observó un consumo de azúcar directamente relacionado a la presencia de caries (p<0,05Qui-cuadrado). Hubo una relación proporcional entre edad de los pacientes y caries (p<0,05). No hubo relación entre uso de medicamentos y caries (p>0,05). Se observó que el hábito de higiene dental tuvo relación inversamente proporcional a la prevalencia de caries (p<0,05). Se concluyó que el uso de medicamentos no tiene relación con caries en la población estudiada, en cuanto el consumo de azúcar e higiene ejercen un papel preponderante en sus índices en bebés.

The prevalence of early childhood caries in children from 0-36 months and its relationship with sugar consumption, medicines uses and oral hygiene, has been study in this research. We used non direct documentation through patient records research from a baby clinic of Rio de Janeiro higher education institution. From a total of 1066 records, we selected 525 valid records and the results were listed and analyzed using Epi Info 6.04 software. We found an average age of 21.4 ± 8.3 month, where 53 % were male. Approximately 1/3 of the babies (35%) had low sugar consumption; moreover 81% of the babies were used to sweeten their food, especially with sucrose (94%). The frequently use of medicine were found in 29%, especially vitamins with a value of 74%; and a total of 84% did oral hygiene where 77% used tooth brush and 51% used past tooth. Caries were present in 38% of the babies, and an average dmf-t found was 3.208. We observed that the sugar consumption was directly related to the presence of dental carie (p<0.05 Chi-square test). We also found a proportional relationship between patient age and the presence of dental caries (p<0.05). There were not relationship between medicine uses and the presence of dental caries (p>0.05). We observed that the dental hygienic had a proportional inverse relationship to the presence of dental caries (p<0.05). We concluded that the medicine uses had not relationship with dental carie considering our patient records. However, sugar consumption and the dental hygienic habit play a fundamental role in the babies carie prevalence.